- Developers obtained permits to build 12.4 multifamily housing units for every 10,000 people in the U.S. over the past year—down 27.1% from the pandemic building boom and down 5.5% from before the pandemic.
- Austin, TX is issuing more multifamily permits than any other metro Redfin analyzed, while Stockton, CA is issuing the least.
- Nearly two thirds (63%) of major metros are issuing fewer permits than they were during the pandemic.
Developers obtained permits to build 12.4 multifamily housing units for every 10,000 people in the U.S. over the past year. That’s down 27.1% from 17 units per 10,000 people during the pandemic building boom, and down 5.5% from 13.1 units in the years leading up to the pandemic.
This is according to a Redfin analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data covering building permits for multifamily units in buildings with five or more units. The most recent period covers April 2024-March 2025. The pandemic period represents an average across those same months in 2020-2023, and the pre-pandemic period represents an average across those months in 2014-2020.
Remote work during the pandemic allowed scores of Americans to relocate, leading to a surge in rental demand. Builders ramped up construction in response—particularly in high-demand Sun Belt metros like Austin, TX and Tampa, FL. That led to a record number of new apartments being completed in 2024. But now, rents are flattening and borrowing costs are high, making building less attractive.
“New apartments are being rented out at the slowest speed on record and builders are pumping the brakes because elevated interest rates are making many projects prohibitively expensive,” said Redfin Senior Economist Sheharyar Bokhari. “At some point in the next year, the slowdown in building will mean that renters have fewer options—potentially leading to an increase in rents.”
Led by Austin, Sun Belt metros are permitting more multifamily housing
In spite of falling rents, developers are still targeting Austin for growth. The Texas metro granted permits to build 64.5 multifamily units for every 10,000 people over the past year. That’s the highest level among the 78 U.S. metros Redfin analyzed with populations of at least 750,000. The top five was rounded out by four more Sun Belt metros: Cape Coral, FL (59.6), North Port, FL (53.3), Raleigh, NC (41.1) and Orlando, FL (40.7).
At the other end of the spectrum, Stockton, CA recorded 0 new permits in the past year—the lowest of the metros analyzed. Next came Bakersfield, CA (0.8 units per 10,000 people), El Paso, TX (1.6), Providence, RI (1.6) and Baton Rouge, LA (1.9).
63% of major metros have posted a decline in multifamily permits since the pandemic
Nearly two thirds (63%) of the metros analyzed posted a decline in multifamily construction since the pandemic era. Stockton saw the biggest drop, with permits per 10,000 people falling to 0 from 5.7—a decline of 100%. Next came Colorado Springs, CO (-82% to 8.6 units per 10,000 people over the past year from 47.7 during the pandemic), Boise City, ID (-64% to 12.6 from 35.2), Minneapolis (-62% to 13.6 from 35.6) and Jacksonville, FL (-61% to 15.9 from 40.9)
Oklahoma City led the list of metros posting the biggest increase, growing 193% from 1.7 units permitted per 10,000 people during the pandemic to 5.1 over the past year. That’s still well below the national average of 12.4 units permitted per 10,000 people, something the next four cities also have in common. Pittsburgh (+184% to 8.8 units per 10,000 people in over the past year, from 3.1 during the pandemic), Hartford, CT (+102% to 9.4 from 4.6), Baton Rouge, LA (+90% to 1.9 from 1.0) and Milwaukee (+88% to 11.8 from 6.3) round out the top five metros posting the highest permit growth.
Metro-Level Summary: 78 U.S. Metros With Populations of At Least 750,000
| Metro | Permits Issued Per 10,000 People | Permits Issued Per 10,000 People (Pandemic) | Permits Issued Per 10,000 People (Pre Pandemic) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albany, NY | 11.8 | 10.3 | 11.8 |
| Albuquerque, NM | 9.8 | 10.2 | 2.8 |
| Allentown, PA | 6.4 | 5.5 | 2 |
| Atlanta, GA | 19.1 | 18 | 15.3 |
| Austin, TX | 64.5 | 94.5 | 49.6 |
| Bakersfield, CA | 0.8 | 1.6 | 2 |
| Baltimore, MD | 12 | 11 | 8.6 |
| Baton Rouge, LA | 1.9 | 1 | 2 |
| Birmingham, AL | 2.3 | 4.7 | 5.4 |
| Boise City, ID | 12.6 | 35.2 | 19 |
| Boston, MA | 11.3 | 20.6 | 15.4 |
| Bridgeport, CT | 14 | 11.1 | 9.8 |
| Buffalo, NY | 3.8 | 3.6 | 5.3 |
| Cape Coral, FL | 59.6 | 36.5 | 30.6 |
| Charleston, SC | 21.2 | 29.6 | 22.4 |
| Charlotte, NC | 30 | 31 | 27.8 |
| Chicago, IL | 6.3 | 7.4 | 9.4 |
| Cincinnati, OH | 11.1 | 10.1 | 7.1 |
| Cleveland, OH | 2.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| Colorado Springs, CO | 8.6 | 47.7 | 15.6 |
| Columbia, SC | 14.1 | 11.7 | 7.1 |
| Columbus, OH | 37.9 | 26.9 | 18 |
| Dallas, TX | 27.5 | 31.2 | 31.1 |
| Dayton, OH | 6.6 | 5.8 | 2.1 |
| Denver, CO | 20.4 | 43.4 | 31.2 |
| Detroit, MI | 5.1 | 5.9 | 3.8 |
| El Paso, TX | 1.6 | 2.7 | 9.9 |
| Fresno, CA | 3.5 | 6.8 | 5.6 |
| Grand Rapids, MI | 11.6 | 7.9 | 11.2 |
| Greensboro, NC | 16.7 | 12.3 | 9.6 |
| Greenville, SC | 11.5 | 18 | 14.2 |
| Hartford, CT | 9.4 | 4.6 | 5.9 |
| Houston, TX | 16.8 | 29.4 | 23.3 |
| Indianapolis, IN | 11.1 | 17.5 | 10.3 |
| Jacksonville, FL | 15.9 | 40.9 | 18.4 |
| Kansas City, MO | 17.4 | 18 | 16.9 |
| Knoxville, TN | 23.4 | 13.3 | 10.2 |
| Las Vegas, NV | 9.7 | 14.7 | 13.4 |
| Los Angeles, CA | 9.4 | 12.8 | 15.5 |
| Louisville, KY | 18.1 | 12.4 | 12.9 |
| McAllen, TX | 5.2 | 5.4 | 9.8 |
| Memphis, TN | 5.5 | 6.1 | 6.6 |
| Miami, FL | 17.2 | 24.8 | 20.9 |
| Milwaukee, WI | 11.8 | 6.3 | 8 |
| Minneapolis, MN | 13.6 | 35.6 | 19.7 |
| Nashville, TN | 29.8 | 48.1 | 32.4 |
| New Haven, CT | 5.4 | 8.1 | 6.4 |
| New Orleans, LA | 2.5 | 6.2 | 2.4 |
| New York, NY | 17.4 | 19.6 | 20.3 |
| North Port, FL | 53.3 | 39.8 | 28 |
| Oklahoma City, OK | 5.1 | 1.7 | 4.6 |
| Omaha, NE | 37.5 | 26.9 | 15.2 |
| Orlando, FL | 40.7 | 39.8 | 30.4 |
| Oxnard, CA | 5 | 8.4 | 7.7 |
| Philadelphia, PA | 8.4 | 16.5 | 9.1 |
| Phoenix, AZ | 22.3 | 33.3 | 18.1 |
| Pittsburgh, PA | 8.8 | 3.1 | 3.5 |
| Portland, OR | 10.9 | 24.3 | 30.4 |
| Providence, RI | 1.6 | 1 | 1.5 |
| Raleigh, NC | 41.1 | 48 | 27.4 |
| Richmond, VA | 35.4 | 32 | 12.3 |
| Riverside, CA | 7.7 | 6.9 | 6 |
| Rochester, NY | 3.7 | 7.5 | 7.1 |
| Sacramento, CA | 7.6 | 12.3 | 6 |
| Salt Lake City, UT | 20.9 | 45.4 | 29 |
| San Antonio, TX | 15 | 34.1 | 10.8 |
| San Diego, CA | 19.9 | 17.7 | 16.2 |
| San Francisco, CA | 8.4 | 16.2 | 20.2 |
| San Jose, CA | 8.2 | 16.1 | 26.5 |
| Seattle, WA | 21.2 | 42.6 | 37.2 |
| St. Louis, MO | 6.8 | 10.1 | 7.3 |
| Stockton, CA | 0 | 5.7 | 1.9 |
| Tampa, FL | 25 | 23.7 | 16.6 |
| Tucson, AZ | 9.5 | 12.4 | 7.3 |
| Tulsa, OK | 3.6 | 6.6 | 7.2 |
| Urban Honolulu, HI | 6.7 | 10.9 | 13.3 |
| Virginia Beach, VA | 5.9 | 12.1 | 10 |
| Washington, DC | 13.7 | 23.5 | 17.6 |
Methodology/Notes
A building permit is an approval given by a local jurisdiction to move forward with a construction project. Not all areas require permits. National figures in this report cover the entire U.S., while the metro sections below cover the 78 U.S. metros with populations of at least 750,000.
